Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson
was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the
protective tariff. Business and farming interests in the state had hoped
that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws
they had long opposed. In their view, all the benefits of protection
were going to Northern manufacturers, and while the country as a whole
grew richer, South Carolina grew poorer, with its planters bearing the
burden of higher prices.
The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed
into law by Jackson in 1832 was milder than that of 1828, but it further
embittered many in the state. In response, a number of South Carolina
citizens endorsed the states' rights principle of "nullification," which
was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president until 1832,
in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828). South Carolina
dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which
declared both the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within state
borders. The legislature also passed laws to enforce the ordinance,
including authorization for raising a military force and appropriations
for arms.
Nullification was only the most recent in a series of
state challenges to the authority of the federal government. There had
been a continuing contest between the states and the national government
over the power of the
latter, and over the loyalty of the citizenry, almost
since the founding of the republic. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
of 1798, for example, had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts, and in
the Hartford Convention, New England voiced its opposition to President
Madison and the war against the British.
In response to South Carolina's threat, Jackson sent
seven small naval vessels and a man-of-war to Charleston in November
1832. On December 10, he issued a resounding proclamation against the
nullifiers. South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the brink
of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state
to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors
had fought.
When the question of tariff duties again came before
Congress, it soon became clear that only one man, Senator Henry Clay,
the great advocate of protection (and a political rival of Jackson),
could pilot a compromise measure through Congress. Clay's tariff bill
-- quickly passed in 1833 -- specified that all duties in excess of
20 percent of the value of the goods imported were to be reduced by
easy stages, so that by 1842, the duties on all articles would reach
the level of the moderate tariff of 1816.
Nullification leaders in South Carolina had expected
the support of other Southern states, but without exception, the rest
of the South declared South Carolina's course unwise and unconstitutional.
Eventually, South Carolina rescinded its action. Both sides, nevertheless,
claimed victory. Jackson had committed the federal government to the
principle of Union supremacy. But South Carolina, by its show of resistance,
had obtained many of the demands it sought, and had demonstrated that
a single state could force its will on Congress.