Parliament responded with new laws that the colonists
called the "Coercive or Intolerable Acts." The first, the Boston Port
Bill, closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for -- an action
that threatened the very life of the city, for to prevent Boston from
having access to the sea meant economic disaster. Other enactments restricted
local authority and banned most town meetings held without the governor's
consent. A Quartering Act required local authorities to find suitable
quarters for British troops, in private homes if necessary. Instead
of subduing and isolating Massachusetts as Parliament intended, these
acts rallied its sister colonies to its aid.
The Quebec Act, passed at nearly the same time, extended
the boundaries of the province of Quebec and guaranteed the right of
the French inhabitants to enjoy religious freedom and their own legal
customs. The colonists opposed this act because, by disregarding old
charter claims to western lands, it threatened to hem them in to the
North and Northwest by a Roman Catholic-dominated province. Though the
Quebec Act had not been passed as a punitive measure, it was classed
by the Americans with the Coercive Acts, and all became known as the
"Five Intolerable Acts."
At the suggestion of the Virginia House of Burgesses,
colonial representatives met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, "to
consult upon the present unhappy state of the Colonies." Delegates to
this meeting, known as the First Continental Congress, were chosen by
provincial congresses or popular conventions. Every colony except Georgia
sent at least one delegate, and the total number of 55 was large enough
for diversity of opinion, but
small enough for genuine debate and effective action.
The division of opinion in the colonies posed a genuine dilemma for
the delegates. They would have to give an appearance of firm unanimity
to induce the British government to make concessions and, at the same
time, they would have to avoid any show of radicalism or spirit of independence
that would alarm more moderate Americans. A cautious keynote speech,
followed by a "resolve" that no obedience was due the Coercive Acts,
ended with adoption of a set of resolutions, among them, the right of
the colonists to "life, liberty and property," and the right of provincial
legislatures to set "all cases of taxation and internal polity."
The most important action taken by the Congress, however,
was the formation of a "Continental Association," which provided for
the renewal of the trade boycott and for a system of committees to inspect
customs entries, publish the names of merchants who violated the agreements,
confiscate their imports, and encourage frugality, economy and industry.
The Association immediately assumed the leadership in
the colonies, spurring new local organizations to end what remained
of royal authority. Led by the pro-independence leaders, they drew their
support not only from the less well-to-do, but from many members of
the professional class, especially lawyers, most of the planters of
the Southern colonies and a number of merchants. They intimidated the
hesitant into joining the popular movement and punished the hostile.
They began the collection of military supplies and the mobilization
of troops. And they fanned public opinion into revolutionary ardor.
Many Americans, opposed to British encroachment on American
rights, nonetheless favored discussion and compromise as the proper
solution. This group included Crown-appointed officers, many Quakers
and members of other religious sects opposed to the use of violence,
many merchants -- especially from the middle colonies -- and some discontented
farmers and frontiersmen from Southern colonies.
The king might well have effected an alliance with these
large numbers of moderates and, by timely concessions, so strengthened
their position that the revolutionaries would have found it difficult
to proceed with hostilities. But George III had no intention of making
concessions. In September 1774, scorning a petition by Philadelphia
Quakers, he wrote, "The die is now cast, the Colonies must either submit
or triumph." This action isolated the Loyalists who were appalled and
frightened by the course of events following the Coercive Acts.